The Basic Form
View Variations
Okay, so maybe simple sounds a little silly after all those other descriptions of this unique verb form. But the point is that it doesn’t fit neatly into any of the active-passive-reflexive categories; it functions as one or the other, depending on the root.
To recognize a נפעל word, look for the following:
In the past and present tenses, a נ always precedes the verb root, such as in הִיא נִכְנֶסֶת הַבָּיְתָה ( she is entering the house/she is walking in the door).
In the present tense, there is an ee-ah vowel rhyming pattern.
In the future tense, there is an ee-ah-eh vowel rhyming pattern, as in הִתְפַּעֵל. However, unlike התפעל, there is no ת or ד sound in the first syllable.
Also in the future tense, the first letter of the root bears a דגש (dot of emphasis), except when the letter becomes difficult to pronounce by native speakers.
Witness these patterns as you review the chart below, which lays out all the possibilities of the verb לְהִכָּנֵס (to come in, to enter) in past, present, future and imperative (command) tenses:
| ציווי imperative |
עתיד future |
הווה present |
עבר past |
|
| אֶכָּנֵס | נִכְנָס, נִכְנֶסֶת | נִכְנַסְתִּי | אני | |
| נִכָּנֵס | נִכְנָסִים, נִכְנָסוֹת | נִכְנַסְנוּ | אנחנו | |
| הִכָּנֵס | תִּכָּנֵס | נִכְנָס | נִכְנַסְתָּ | אתה |
| הִכָּנְסִי | תִּכָּנְסִי | נִכְנֶסֶת | נִכְנַסְתְּ | את |
| הִכָּנְסוּ | תִּכָּנְסוּ | נִכְנָסִים | נִכְנַסְתֶּם | אתם |
| הִכָּנְסוּ | תִּכָּנְסוּ | נִכְנָסוֹת | נִכְנַסְתֶּן | אתן |
| יִכָּנֵס | נִכְנָס | נִכְנָס | הוא | |
| תִּכָּנֵס | נִכְנֶסֶת | נִכְנְסָה | היא | |
| יִכָּנֵסוּ | נִכְנָסִים | נִכְנְסוּ | הם | |
| יִכָּנֵסוּ | נִכְנָסוֹת | נִכְנְסוּ | הן |
As in any spoken language, things that are difficult for native speakers to pronounce get altered. So there will be roots that don’t fit into the neat table of נפעל above.
Check out these variations:
Due to difficulty in pronunciation, Hebrew verbs whose first root letter is a י follow the pattern below when in the נפעל form.
י is sometimes a yee sound (consonant) and sometimes an ee sound (vowel). This ee sound often turns into an oo or oh sound in Hebrew, as well as other languages.
Example: לְהִוָּדַע (to become known)
| ציווי | עתיד | הווה | עבר | |
| אִוָּדַע | נוֹדָע, נוֹדַעַת | נוֹדַעְתִּי | אני | |
| נִוָּדַע | נוֹדָעִים, נוֹדָעוֹת | נוֹדַעְנוּ | אנחנו | |
| הִוָּדַע | תִּוָּדַע | נוֹדָע | נוֹדַעְתָּ | אתה |
| הִוָּדְעִי | תִּוָּדְעִי | נוֹדַעַת | נוֹדַעְתְּ | את |
| הִוָּדְעוּ | תִּוָּדְעוּ | נוֹדָעִים | נוֹדַעְתֶּם | אתם |
| הִוָּדְעוּ | תִּוָּדְעוּ | נוֹדָעוֹת | נוֹדַעְתֶּן | אתן |
| יִוָּדַע | נוֹדָע | נוֹדַע | הוא | |
| תִּוָּדַע | נוֹדַעַת | נוֹדְעָה | היא | |
| יִוָּדְעְוּ | נוֹדָעִים | נוֹדְעוּ | הם | |
| יִוָּדְעְוּ | נוֹדָעוֹת | נוֹדְעוּ | הן |
Since the letter ה represents a faint sound, really just a breath, it tends to fall off in everyday speech. For example, you’ll often hear Israeli children pronounce the (male) teacher – הַמורֶה – as if it were written אַמורֶה.
This tendency appears in verb conjugations as well. A Hebrew verb root whose final letter is a ה or י follows the pattern below, in the נפעל form.
Example: לְהֵרָאוֹת (to be seen, to appear)
(In the עתיד and ציווי conjugations of this particular word, the ee vowel expected at the beginning of the word becomes an eh vowel.)
| ציווי | עתיד | הווה | עבר | |
| אֵרָאֶה | נִרְאֶה, נִרְאֵית | נִרְאֵיתִי | אני | |
| נֵרָאֶה | נִרְאִים, נִרְאוֹת | נִרְאֵינוּ | אנחנו | |
| הֵרָאֶה | תֵּרָאֶה | נִרְאֶה | נִרְאֵיתָ | אתה |
| הֵרָאִי | תֵּרָאִי | נִרְאֵית | נִרְאֵית | את |
| הֵרָאוּ | תֵּרָאוּ | נִרְאִים | נִרְאֵיתֶם | אתם |
| הֵרָאוּ | תֵּרָאוּ | נִרְאוֹת | נִרְאֵיתֶן | אתן |
| יֵרָאֶה | נִרְאֶה | נִרְאֶה | הוא | |
| תֵּרָאֶה | נִרְאֵית | נִרְאֲתָה | היא | |
| יֵרָאוּ | נִרְאִים | נִרְאוּ | הם | |
| יֵרָאוּ | נִרְאוֹת | נִרְאוּ | הן |